![]() ![]() The court decided it was best that she continue to attend a segregated school. Peter Irons notes that the first challenge to segregated public schools began in “1849 with a lawsuit filed in Boston by Benjamin Roberts, after his five-year-old daughter, Sarah, was turned away from the primary school nearest her home on the ground of her being a colored person ” (Irons 2002, p. Board of Education (1954) ended up in the Supreme Court. Numerous challenges to segregated public schools were made before Brown v. Exploitation and oppression were enshrined by racial violence and discrimination in foundational legal, economic, and social institutions. ![]() Segregated government agencies exercised extreme control over every aspect of the lives of African Americans. In southern states and some northern states legal segregation operated like the system of slavery it replaced. According to Joe Feagin, “The legal and informal Jim Crow practices meant racial subordination and an imposed badge of degradation on all African Americans in many areas of the United States ” (Feagin 2006, p. The legal segregation laws declared that African Americans could not vote, testify against whites, or serve on juries and could attend only segregated schools, orphanages, and hospitals. After 1896 all aspects of public accommodations, such as transportation, schools, hotels, and parks, were legally segregated in the United States. Jim Crow ’s primary function was to continue the social system of servitude, the racial caste hierarchy, and the economic control of African Americans. Legal segregation under “Jim Crow ” was a social system that whites developed after the abolition of slavery. ![]()
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